Cerimonies et ordonnances

Few images of the Middle Ages are as iconic as two noble knights settling a quarrel with the strength of their arms. However, strict rules applied to dueling and were even specified by law. This splendid manuscript, commissioned by Duke Francis II of Brittany (1433-88) contains the “Ceremonies and Ordinances” regarding the resolution of quarrels by battle as specified in the constitutions of the King of France, Philip IV (1268-1314). Twelve gorgeous miniatures illustrate the manuscript from ca. 1460-65, many resembling tournament scenes.

The Powerful Duke of Brittany

Ruling as Duke of Brittany, Francis II was one of the most influential political figures of the mid-15th century. Aside from his own conflicts with the King of France in his struggle to maintain Breton autonomy from the rest of the Kingdom of France, he also played a critical role in the Wars of the Roses by harboring Henry Tudor and other supporters of the Lancastrian cause. It was at Rennes Cathedral on Christmas Day in 1483 that that Henry swore he would heal the Kingdom of England and unite the warring houses of York and Lancaster by marrying the daughter of King Edward IV, Elizabeth of York (1466-1503), which he did after his victory at the Battle of Bosworth Field in 1485.

Dueling with Rules

The “Ceremonies and Ordinances” regard the laws of combat and the settling of quarrels by duel according to the constitutions created by King Philip IV of France. Following a splendid depiction of the royal coat of arms and dedication miniature of King Philip, another ten miniatures, all surrounded the dense floral borders with birds and drolleries, show the settling of a quarrel. Scenes include the knights presenting their arguments and engaging in prayer before finally setting things on the “field of honor”. The lovely late-Gothic imagery presents these scenes as though they were in a tournament and present wonderful details concerning clothing, arms, and armor during the period.