Breviari d'Amor de Matfre Ermengaud

Breviari d'Amor de Matfre Ermengaud – AyN Ediciones – Ms. Prov. F. V. XIV.1 – National Library of Russia (St. Petersburg, Russia)

Lleida (Spain) or France β€” Ca. 1320

Poetry and songs about love for God, love between man and woman, and love for one's neighbor: the beautiful lyric poetry of the troubadours combined with golden 14th century miniatures

  1. A unique manuscript that unites Christian theology, historical law, and troubadour poetry

  2. Matfre Ermengaud (d. 1322) was a poet, legal scholar, and one of the most well-read people of his day

  3. Masterful poetry about the love of God, the love between man and woman, and charity

Breviari d'Amor de Matfre Ermengaud

Ms. Prov. F. V. XIV.1 National Library of Russia (St. Petersburg, Russia)
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  1. Description
  2. Detail Picture
  3. Single Page
  4. Facsimile Editions (1)
Description
Breviari d'Amor de Matfre Ermengaud

Matfre Ermengaud, about whose lives historians have little information, lived as a Franciscan monk in the 13th century. In the period of 1288–1320, the exceptionally gifted and educated monk composed a unique manuscript, which united Christian theology and historical legal doctrine with the poetry of medieval troubadours. The incomparable masterpiece by the scholar bore the title of Breviari d'Amor and is considered today to be an absolute highpoint of 12th and 13th century Occitan literature.

Breviari d'Amor de Matfre Ermengaud

A troubadour was a poet, composer, and singer of medieval courtly poetry and song. Troubadour poetry enjoyed great popularity in the 12th and 13th centuries, especially in southern France. An unusually gifted representative of this art form was the Franciscan monk Matfre Ermengaud. He composed an influential text sometime between 1288 and 1320, which cited the genre of Troubadour poetry and reinterpreted it in an unforgettable way. Today, his so-called Breviari d'Amor, which one can translate as Book of Hours of Love, is considered to be one of the most important works of Occitan poetry. It is enchantingly illustrated with 29 full-page and 192 small-format miniatures.

The Scholar Matfre Ermengaud

Today, researchers have only been able to find a small amount of information about the life of Matfre Ermengaud. He was born in the middle of the 13th century in the southern French town of BΓ©ziers. He dedicated his life to jurisprudence and poetry. He attributed particularly high worth to a comprehensive education and was a true medieval legal expert. He even obtained a law degree, which can be equated today with a master’s degree in law. When he entered into the Franciscan Order is not known. He probably already started his work on the Breviari d'Amor, before he began his life as a monk. What lends Ermengaud’s manuscript its unique status in the history of literature is the fact that his text combines the theological tradition with legal doctrines. There is no other medieval manuscript that can be compared with the work of Matfre Ermengaud.

A Literary Cultural Asset

The Breviari d'Amor contains ca. 34,500 verses and is composed in octosyllabic rhyming couplets. It is an extensive, multi-faceted, and didactic text, which can be compared with an encyclopedia. The Christian love of God was formulated in the manner of love poetry, which would have been performed by troubadours. In doing so, Ermengaud cited literary examples of the most-varied historical epochs. Quotations from classic troubadours like Aimeric de Peguilhan, Bernart de Ventadorn, and Peire Vidal are found particularly often in his manuscript. Quotations of his own from Ermengaud’s earlier writings are equally represented as well as from texts by his brother Piere. It becomes apparent thereto, just how exceptionally well read and educated the Franciscan monk was.

A Unique Work of Book Art

The work was structured in several parts. It begins with a theological section, which bears the translated title of β€œStudies of God and the Creation of the World”. This section addresses the Holy Trinity, angels, demons, symbols of the zodiac, and known stars and planets on each page. Thereafter follows a section with the title β€œStudies of Nature and the Natural Law”, in which the correct modes of divine worship were discussed, the temptations of the world were reviewed, and the sins were named that good Christians should avoid at any price. In the last section, β€œThe Love of God”, the profession of faith is recorded along with a few legends of saints. Legendary miniatures in various sizes and in bright colors and before a shimmering gold background illustrate the comprehensive work and clarify Ermengaud’s descriptions. Additionally, the text is furnished with a gorgeous and inventive bordure adorned with flowers and tendrils.

Codicology

Size / Format
504 pages / 35.0 Γ— 24.5 cm
Origin
Spain
Date
Ca. 1320
Style
Language
Illustrations
29 full-page miniatures and 192 smaller miniatures
Artist / School

Available facsimile editions:
Breviari d'Amor de Matfre Ermengaud – AyN Ediciones – Ms. Prov. F. V. XIV.1 – National Library of Russia (St. Petersburg, Russia)
AyN Ediciones – Madrid, 2003
Limited Edition: 995 copies
Detail Picture

Breviari d'Amor de Matfre Ermengaud

Drolleries and Other Marginalia

Aside from the fine miniatures, this manuscript also features superb marginal decorations, usually in the form of brightly colored tendrils. A smiling lion is looking out at the beholder as it lounges on the left. The medallion with a patterned red background contains a drollery with the torso and face of a bald man with a white beard, but has the body of a dog. A kneeling angel with a banderole is found between this drollery and a woman reading before a patterned blue-gold background.

Breviari d'Amor de Matfre Ermengaud – AyN Ediciones – Ms. Prov. F. V. XIV.1 – National Library of Russia (St. Petersburg, Russia)
Single Page

Breviari d'Amor de Matfre Ermengaud

Jaws of Hell / Temptations by the Vices / Shipwreck

One is immediately struck by the cacophony of imagery on this page, which is masterfully rendered in the finest quality materials including plenty of gold leaf. This page is from a section titled β€œStudies of Nature and Natural Law” and addresses inter alia the temptations of the world and sins that Christians should avoid.

At the top of the page we see the instantly-recognizable Hellmouth, one of the most famous and terrifying images of Christian art and iconography. The smaller scenes show various vices as people are tempted by hairy demons with hideous grimaces into engaging in acts of lust, greed, and violence. In the bottom right, a shipwreck is used as an allegory for a rudderless life unguided by Christian morality and law.

Breviari d'Amor de Matfre Ermengaud – AyN Ediciones – Ms. Prov. F. V. XIV.1 – National Library of Russia (St. Petersburg, Russia)
Facsimile Editions

#1 Breviari d'Amor de Matfre Ermengaud

AyN Ediciones – Madrid, 2003
Breviari d'Amor de Matfre Ermengaud – AyN Ediciones – Ms. Prov. F. V. XIV.1 – National Library of Russia (St. Petersburg, Russia)
Breviari d'Amor de Matfre Ermengaud – AyN Ediciones – Ms. Prov. F. V. XIV.1 – National Library of Russia (St. Petersburg, Russia) Copyright Photos: Ziereis Facsimiles

Publisher: AyN Ediciones – Madrid, 2003
Limited Edition: 995 copies
Commentary: 1 volume by Antoni Ferrando, Liudmila Kisseleva, and Vicent Martines
Language: Spanish
1 volume: Exact reproduction of the original document (extent, color and size) Reproduction of the entire original document as detailed as possible (scope, format, colors). The binding may not correspond to the original or current document binding.
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