Artzney Book of Christoph Wirsung

The cultural flowering of the Renaissance was also reflected in burgeoning medical knowledge, which was depicted in increasingly modern medical treatises. The 1568 Artzney Book by Christoph Wirsung (1500–71) is undoubtedly one of the finest specimens of this genre and was printed in Heidelberg by Johann Mayer. A gilded, brightly colored, and completely innovative binding was added to the work in 1571 by Guillaume Plunions, a French Huguenot, before it was presented to the prominent Calvinist and pillar of the Reformation in Germany Frederick III, Prince-Elector Palatine (1515–76), who supposedly made use of the book himself. The book is thus a testament to the early intellectual efforts of Protestant Europeans. Wirsung’s intention in creating the book was to help both the rich and poor, rural and urban, by offering a resource filled with simple remedies accessible to all. The book reflects Wirsung’s 25+ years of experience as a pharmacist and is based on a collection of texts originally written in Latin that the author then translated into German for publication to a lay audience. A distrust of doctors in the Middle Ages made practical texts like these, focused on self-treatment, extremely popular and many of their remedies are still effective today. This German medical text far exceeds the standards of the time and goes beyond being a simple textbook, constituting general reading for those who wished to have a better understanding of their own health.

15,000+ Remedies

Born in Augsburg, Christoph Wirsung spent much of his youth in Italy acquiring a humanist education as well as a mastery of the Italian language. Upon returning to Augsburg, he worked for the next 25+ years as a pharmacist, collecting over 15,000 remedies from both domestic and foreign sources. All of this was recorded in a large printed work comprising 933 pages. Rather than being organized alphabetically, the work follows a classical capite ad calcem (head to foot) formation, dividing the body into various areas like the head, chest, abdomen, etc. Although many of the remedies are no longer valid, and some are even dangerous, many more are proven to be efficacious. Modified versions of some of these remedies are still in use today. Going beyond the immediate goal of finding remedies, the book took a holistic approach and considered other factors such as the environment in which one lived, something which modern medicine is only recently learning to take into account once more.