Picture Bible of Manchester
The Picture Bible of Manchester is an unusual Gothic picture Bible originating from Northern France in the first half of the 13th century. It contains 48 full-page miniatures, each depicting a single scene from the first two books of the Old Testament with expensive pigments and brilliantly burnished gold leaf backgrounds. It is a true picture Bible consisting purely of full-page miniatures with short captions in French that were only added as an afterthought, perhaps by a later owner. Although the provenance of the manuscript remains unclear, its quality and form point to a wealthy member of the aristocracy and was intended either for their personal use or as a display of their wealth, piety, and sophistication.
Picture Bible of Manchester
So-called picture Bibles, manuscripts whose contents are dominated by imagery rather than text, are among the rarest and most sought-after codices from the Middle Ages. Here we have a small but very fine example of such a work, which consists of 48 full-page miniatures with gold leaf backgrounds in the Byzantine style and captions in French depicting events from Genesis and Exodus: the Picture Bible of Manchester. Produced sometime between 1200 and 1250, it is regarded as a fine specimen of the Gothic style from the so-called Channel school in Northern France. It is stored in the University of Manchesterβs John Rylands Library under the shelf mark French MS 5. This is an unusual and precious manuscript of the early French Gothic style.
A Costly Commission
Although the exact provenance of the manuscript remains a mystery, its quality, the fact that only one side of the parchment was used, and the richness of the materials β expensive paints and gold leaf β indicate that is must have been the commission of a wealthy nobleman. This manuscriptβs format and content preclude the possibility that it was commissioned by a member of the clergy. Its handheld size indicates that it was intended for personal use, but the unusual format consisting solely of full-page miniatures indicates that this was a luxury item intended to display their wealth, piety, and sophistication. It was rebound in the 17th century, at which time some of the manuscriptβs content may have been separated from the main body.
An Image-Driven Manuscript
The full-page miniatures are accompanied by captions in French, but they do not appear to have originally been part of the design. Many picture Bibles have text blocks that are distinctly laid out and which are uniformly filled, but the texts in this manuscript were clearly an afterthought and were added after the images were created. While most narrate the events in the miniature, others explain what is happening off the page. Some of these captions may have been added as much as fifty years later by an Italian hand, indicating a change of ownership, but which sometimes mislabeled the miniatures. Furthermore, the selection of single scenes does not point to any one source β some are biblical events while others are only elucidated in various commentaries and glosses. Other scenes are depicted in a way that varies considerably from the way they are described in the Bible. Another unique feature of the Picture Bible of Manchester is the fact that each miniature is focused on a single scene, and takes a much more patient approach to depicting events than other picture Bibles, which usually combine four scenes on a single page. The images trace the events of the Bible from Creation to the Marriage of Moses and Sophora, an unusual place to stop, which indicates that the manuscript is either a fragment or was not completed. It was likely intended to either contain a full Old Testament cycle, or a cycle which incorporated scenes from the New Testament and possibly the lives of saints.
Codicology
- Alternative Titles
- Picture Bible of the John Rylands Library
Bilderbibel von Manchester
Bibbia di Manchester
Bible HistoriΓ©e - Size / Format
- 96 pages / 18.6 Γ 14.9 cm
- Origin
- France
- Date
- Ca. 1250
- Style
- Genre
- Language
- Script
- Gothic Textura Semiquadrata Littera bastarda
- Illustrations
- 48 full-page miniatures on a bright gold background
- Content
- Scenes from the Book of Genesis and the Book of Exodus with short moralizing descriptions
- Artist / School
- Channel Style
- Previous Owners
- Ludwig Rosenthal
Jacques Rosenthal
James Ludovic Lindsay
Enriqueta Augustina Rylands
Picture Bible of Manchester
Tower of Babel
In the upper portion of the miniature depicting this famous story from the Old Testament we can see some examples of medieval stonemasonry. The figure on the left operates a pulley, bringing up new stones. In the middle, three figures work on the actual construction, one using a medieval level with a weight on a string, another handing up stones, and a third tapping them into place with the handle of his axe. On the right, a man in grey calls down specifying what cuts of stone they need next.
Picture Bible of Manchester
Fifth Day of Creation
This French Gothic miniature shows God standing before a timeless and spaceless burnished gold leaf background in the Byzantine style. βThen God said, βLet the waters abound with an abundance of living creatures, and let birds fly above the earth across the face of the firmament of the heavensβ.β (Gen. 1:20)
Rather than being rigid and upright as in earlier miniatures, the artist depicts God in a more natural pose with one foot sticking out in front of the other as fish swim by (one having caught an eel) and holding a codex β likely the Book of Genesis. God gives the sign of benediction to a blue bird who has landed on a branch next to Him, stretching out its wing and almost touching His halo as though it were curious.
#1 Bibbia di Manchester John Rylands Ms. 5
Language: Italian
(1,000β¬ - 3,000β¬)
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