Martyrology by Wandalbert of PrΓΌm
The Martyrologium of Wandalbert of Prum was produced around 855 for Emperor Lothar I. The work was composed by the well-educated Benedictine monk Wandalbert of Prum, who is responsible for some of the most beautiful liturgical manuscripts of the Early Middle Ages. The Martyrologium contains, along with a directory of the saintsβ feast days, a calendar poem, which depicts medieval rural life according to the progress of the year.
Martyrology by Wandalbert of PrΓΌm
In around 839, the most important monastery to the Carolingians was the Benedictine abbey at Prum. At this time the highly educated monk Wandalbert was in this abbey. Not much is known about Wandalbertβs life. He was a deacon, influential theologian, and the most significant poet of the Prum monastery. High ecclesiastical officials had such great regard for the poet that they regularly commissioned him in the composition of splendid Latin manuscripts and set no financial limits on him for the design. Among these valuable manuscripts is the Martyrologium of Wandalbert of Prum. This treasure is the Benedictine monkβs most famous work.
What is a Martyrologium?
A martyrologium is a register of martyrs and other saints, most with statements about the circumstances of their life and the manner of their death. Since at least the 4th century, there were calendars with the festivals of the martyrs that were worshiped in individual local churches. Out of the assortment of such martyr catalogs emerged the Martyrologia, which listed the martyrs and saints of the entire church along with the site of their grave or their enshrinement. The individual entries were augmented since the Middle Ages with particulars from the life of the saint.
A Martyrologium for the King
The Martyrologium of Wandalbert was completed between 848 and 855. The liturgical calendar of saints is written in verse and was made for Emperor Lothar I (795β855). The Carolingian Lothar I was the son of Louis the Pious and his wife Irmingard. He was king of the Bavarians, the Lombards, and Roman Emperor until his death in 855. He died at the Prum Abbey, his mortal remains were buried in the abbey church. The splendid martyrology was possibly made in memory of Lothar and may have been presented to his brother King Louis the German (ca. 806β876).
Splendid Book Decoration
The text of the martyrologium was composed in Latin Hexameter. The main part of the work patterns the poetry on feast days of the saints. The actual martyrologium was accompanied by a calendar poem, which tells about the everyday affairs of life in the 9th century. The poem deals with the months and seasons. It describes the simple rural life, which is determined by the progress of the year. The hunt, fishing, orchards, and vineyards were depicted according to the cycle of the year. The manuscript is furnished with 12 full page, colorful miniatures. The illustrations, in an engaging naΓ―ve Carolingian style, are richly ornamented with gold. The pictures depict typical monthly scenes, for example the picture for the month of July shows a farmer with a scythe. The martyrologium is a valuable work of early medieval book art and is simultaneously a reliable historical source.
Codicology
- Alternative Titles
- Reichenauer Martyrologium fΓΌr Kaiser Lothar I.
Martyrologium von Wandalbert von PrΓΌm
Wandelbert of PrΓΌm, Martyrologium - Size / Format
- 72 pages / 19.0 Γ 14.2 cm
- Origin
- Germany
- Date
- 848β855
- Epochs
- Style
- Genre
- Language
- Script
- Carolingian Minuscule Uncial
- Illustrations
- 12 full-page miniatures, numerous initials and important texts in gold ink, diagrams of Noah's Ark, the liberal arts, and a labyrinth
- Content
- Calendar with scenes from everyday life, matryrology based on Bede, four astronomical texts
- Patron
- Otrich, a priest of Cologne
- Artist / School
- Wandalbert von Prum (813 β ca. 870) with help from Florus of Lyon (ca. 810 β ca. 859) (authors)
- Previous Owners
- Likely intended for Emperor Lothar I or King Louis the German
Martyrology by Wandalbert of PrΓΌm
July: Harvesting Wheat
This is a remarkable gilded miniature of a farmer swinging his scythe, which not only exceeds the frame but appears to stick out from the page at the beholder as though it were 3D. The man has taken a wide stance with bent knees and muscular calves. A crab looks on as the associated zodiac sign for Cancer, although it resembles more of an 8-legged beetle drollery with a human face. The two small figures holding up the columns represent the common people upon whom society rested.
Martyrology by Wandalbert of PrΓΌm
Presentation Miniature
This early martyrology presents images from the lives and deaths of saints as well as rural life in the Frankish Empire during the reign of the Emperor Lothar I, son of Louis the Pious. This classically-styled miniature depicts the presentation of this manuscript to the Emperor by its author, Wandalbert of Prum. Although worn, it is still a masterful depiction in the style of Late Antiquity.
Set within an architectural frame with a drapery, a tonsured Wandalbert kneels before the Emperor in a green tunic. A mustachioed Lothar wears a blue tunic and a red cloak, now faded to brown, and accepts the codex with his left hand. The figuresβ faces are remarkably expressive: Lothar appears regal and serene while Wandalbertβs expression is more somber.
#1 Reichenauer Martyrologium fΓΌr Kaiser Lothar I
Language: German
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