De Organographia
With his Syntagma Musicum, German composer, organist, court music director, and music theorist Michael Praetorius (ca. 1571/72–1621) created one of the most important works on music theory and performance practice of the early modern period. The series consists of three volumes, the second of which is particularly fascinating. In De Organographia, Praetorius classifies and describes various instruments of his time. He pays particular attention to the organ, which he describes as the “instrument of instruments” and which he also played himself. He devotes two of the four chapters to the instrument and its history. A year after the publication of the treatise, Praetorius had the famous Theatrum Instrumentorum printed as a supplement and fifth chapter or picture section. It comprises 44 copperplate plates showing the instruments described by Praetorius, including the oldest known depiction of a pluriarc. Together, De Organographia and the Theatrum Instrumentorum are now one of the most important sources on Renaissance and Baroque instruments and are of crucial relevance for their reconstruction.
Codicology
- Alternative Titles
- De Organographia. Zweiter Teil des Syntagma musicum. Wolfenbüttel 1619.
Michael Praetorius: Syntagma musicum II. De Organographia.
De Organographia - Instrumentenkunde
Theatrum Instrumentorum - Type
- Print on paper
- Origin
- Germany
- Date
- 1619 and 1620
- Epochs
- Style
- Genre
- Illustrations
- 44 full-page illustrations, numerous decorated initials and vignettes
- Content
- Volume 2 of the Syntagma musicum by Michael Praetorius
- Artist / School
- Michael Praetorius
De Organographia
Ancient Instruments
In his work, Praetorius also describes and illustrates historical and mythological instruments that were known in his time. Depicted here are three simple instruments whose descendants are still known and played today. The bulbous object on the left is an “utriculus,” an ancient Roman bagpipe. The “crotalum” depicted in the center is also referred to by Praetorius as a triangle, but it is more accurately a set of ancient cymbals that produce sound when struck with the accompanying beater. The two conical flutes next to them together form an “aulos,” an ancient instrument consisting of two unconnected flutes that were played simultaneously. Both flutes were held in a V-shape, as the copperplate engraving suggests.

De Organographia
Positive Organ and Regal
The massive organs with dozens, sometimes even thousands, of pipes found in churches and synagogues are arguably among the most impressive musical instruments of all. Less well-known, but no less interesting, are their smaller counterparts. This page presents two of them: a positive organ and, below it, a so-called regal.
Both instruments require two people to be played. A calcant operates the large bellows to generate the so-called wind, which ultimately produces the desired sound as it blows through the pipes. At the same time, the organist plays the keyboard to direct the airflow into the correct pipes. Each pipe produces a different note. Both instruments shown here are portable small organs and, accordingly, were not permanently installed.

#1 De Organographia. Zweiter Teil des Syntagma musicum. Wolfenbüttel 1619.
Language: German
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